The GREENedit™ platform is a world-first, exclusive technology enabling precise, targeted gene editing in both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Leveraging extremely high transcription rates and rapid attainment of homoplasmy, it allows the accurate and efficient generation of versatile plant models for a wide range of applications. 

By directly engineering organelle genomes, GREENedit™ overcomes the limitations of nuclear editing, unlocking unprecedented control over photosynthesis, energy metabolism, and other key cellular pathways. This platform sets a new standard for plant biotechnology, combining precision, speed, and scalability. Its robust and flexible design makes it an ideal tool for advanced research and commercial plant engineering.

Chloroplasts are the powerhouses behind photosynthesis, helping plants grow and thrive. By editing chloroplast genes, we can directly boost photosynthesis and carbon fixation, making plants more productive. Chloroplasts carry many copies of their DNA, so changes spread quickly and reliably. They also have their own machinery for making proteins, which means high-level, stable expression. Plus, targeting chloroplasts avoids unintended effects in the plant’s nuclear DNA. In short, it’s a smart, safe way to make plants stronger and more efficient.

Mitochondria are the energy factories of plant cells, keeping everything running smoothly. Editing mitochondrial genes lets us improve energy use, growth, and stress resilience right at the cellular level. Like chloroplasts, mitochondria have multiple DNA copies, so edits take hold effectively. Nuclear editing can’t reach mitochondria directly, which makes them a unique opportunity for innovation. With precise changes, we can help plants grow better, handle stress, and adapt to new environments. It’s a powerful way to unlock the hidden potential inside every plant cell.

Plant organelle gene editing involves precise modification of the genomes within chloroplasts or mitochondria, typically achieved through delivery of engineered nucleases or gene-editing tools into the organelles. This process requires overcoming challenges such as targeting multiple genome copies to achieve homoplasmy and utilizing organelle-specific expression systems. Successful editing enables the alteration of key metabolic pathways to enhance plant traits like photosynthesis, stress tolerance, and energy efficiency.

Precise subcellular targeting 

to chloroplasts and mitochondria

Offers extensive editing database

Significantly limits unintended edits at Non-Target sites and Bystanders 

Fast and flexible gene editing design powered by AI

Herbicide-resistant plants produced by precision adenine base editing in plastid DNA

Nature Plants｜2024

Mok YG, Hong SH, Seo DI, Choi SH, Kim HK, Jin DM, Lee JE, Kim JS

Prime Editing with genuine Cas9 nickases minimizes unwanted indels

Nature Communications | 2023

Lee JS, Lim KY, Kim A, Mok YG, Chung EG, Cho SI, Lee JM, Kim JS

Targeted A-to-G base editing in human mitochondrial DNA with programmable deaminases

Cell | 2022

Cho SI, Lee S, Mok YG, Lim K, Lee J, Lee JM, Chung E, Kim JS

Base editing in human cells with monomeric DddA-TALE fusion deaminases

Nature Communications | 2022

Mok YG, Lee JM, Chung E, Lee J, Lim K, Cho SI, Kim JS

Targeted A-to-G base editing of plastid DNA in plants

Nature Plants | 2022

Mok YG, Hong S, Bae SJ, Cho SI, Kim JS

Chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA editing in plants

Nature Plants | 2021

Kang BC, Bae SJ, Lee S, Lee JS, Kim A, Lee H, Baek G, Seo H, Kim J, Kim JS